伊本·赫勒敦

伊本·赫勒敦
Ibn Khaldun
伊本·赫勒敦; Ibn Khaldun
	伊本·赫勒敦雕像
出生	1332年5月27日/伊斯蘭曆732年，於突尼斯
逝世	1406年3月19日/伊斯蘭曆808年，於開羅
時代	中世紀
地區	馬格里布
學派	馬立克派
主要領域	歷史學; 社會學; 經濟學
著名思想	Asabiyyah
	受影響於拉齊;
	影響於 Ibn al-Azraq、Al-Maqrizi;

伊本·赫勒敦^[1]（阿拉伯語：ابن خلدون‎，1332年5月27日—1406年3月19日），又譯伊本·哈勒敦^[2]，全名為阿布·扎伊德·阿卜杜勒拉赫曼·本·穆罕默德·本·赫勒敦·哈德拉米（阿拉伯語：أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي‎，Abū Zayd ʿAbdu r-Raḥmān bin Muḥammad bin Khaldūn Al-Ḥaḍrami），阿拉伯穆斯林學者、歷史學家、經濟學家、社會學家，被認為為人口統計學之父。^{[n 1]}^[3]^{[n 2]}1332年出生於突尼斯，是西維爾的阿拉伯貴族的後裔（8世紀時跟隨阿拉伯軍隊出徵到安達盧西亞，後遷到北非）。自幼跟從父親學習《古蘭經》和阿拉伯文，又到宰圖那大學學習深造，受到系統的伊斯蘭教育。1352年開始從政。1378年寫成作《歷史緒論》。1406年3月19日在開羅逝世。

生平

由於他本人撰寫了一部詳細引用了大量有關自己生活文件的自傳（阿拉伯語：التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا‎; al-Taʻrīf bi-Ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatuhu Gharban wa-Sharqan^[4]《伊本赫勒敦東西旅遊自傳》），伊本·赫勒敦的生活經歷記錄完好。但是該自傳對於他的私人生活所述甚少，因此對於他的家庭背景人們了解的並不多。「伊本·赫勒敦」意為「赫勒敦家族（Banū Khaldūn）之子」，源自安達盧斯的上流社會，在大約13世紀中葉收復失地運動中西維爾後半整個家族遷居北非。到了突尼斯哈夫斯王朝時期，有些家族成員擔任高管，但是其祖父和父親選擇退出政壇，過着隱士的生活。他的兄弟雅亞·伊本·赫勒敦也是一位歷史學家，他寫了一本有關扎亞尼德王朝的書，後來因為擔任法院的歷史學家被仇敵刺殺。^[5]

在他的自傳中，伊本·赫勒敦通過來自也門哈德拉毛的阿拉伯部落，將自己的起源追溯到穆罕默德時期。該部落在8世紀時隨着伊斯蘭征服運動遷徙到西班牙。^[6]但是，傳記學家默罕默德·伊南（Mohammad Enan）質疑這一說法，認為伊本·赫勒敦的家族可能是穆拉迪人，他們假稱自己是阿拉伯裔以取得社會地位。^[7]

影響

在1697年，一本有關他的傳記出現在巴泰勒米·德埃貝洛的《東方學目錄》中，這是伊本·赫勒敦首次引起西方世界的關注。1806年，西爾韋斯特·德·薩西在他的《阿拉伯文選》中包含了伊本·赫勒敦的專輯以及《Muqaddimah》的節選翻譯（列為《神學緒論》），這讓他開始獲得更多關注。^[8]1816年，德·薩西再次發表了一篇內容更為詳盡的傳記。^[9]有關《神學緒論》的更多細節和節選翻譯在之後數年不斷出現，直到1858年，阿拉伯文版本全書出版，幾年後，德·薩西出版了完整的法文翻譯版。^[10]從那以後，西方世界帶着特殊的興趣開始了對伊本·赫勒敦的大量研究。^[11]

註釋及參考資料

註釋

↑
- "...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]
- "Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）
- "The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]
- "This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]
↑
- "Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）
- "He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

引用

↑ 伊本·赫勒敦. 历史绪论. 李振中（譯）. 銀川: 寧夏人民出版社. 2015. ISBN 978-7-227-05959-2. OCLC 953301907.
↑ 新華通訊社譯名室. 世界人名翻译大辞典第2版. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司. 2007: 1554. ISBN 978-7-5001-0799-6. OCLC 163575075.
↑ Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), pp. 268-306.
Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), pp. 1105-1118.
↑ Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī, Cairo 1951
↑ （法文） « Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy », Journal asiatique, troisième série, tome XII, éd. Société asiatique, Paris, 1841, p. 491
↑ 他的原話是：「And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hajar, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected.」 (p. 2429, Al-Waraq 版)
↑ A., Ibn Khaldun: His life and Works for Mohammad Enan
↑ Enan (2007), pp118
↑ Enan (2007), pp118-119
↑ Enan (2007), pp119
↑ Enan (2007), pp119-120
↑ Gates, Warren E. The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture. Journal of the History of Ideas (University of Pennsylvania Press). 1967, 28 (3): 415–422. doi:10.2307/2708627.
↑ Dhaouadi, M. IBN KHALDUN: THE FOUNDING FATHER OF EASTERN SOCIOLOGY. International Sociology. 1 September 1990, 5 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1177/026858090005003007.
↑ Haddad, L. A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. Kyklos. 1 May 1977, 30 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x.

參考書目

Fuad Baali. 2005 The science of human social organization : Conflicting views on Ibn Khaldun's (1332–1406) Ilm al-umran. Mellen studies in sociology. Lewiston/NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Enan, Muhammed Abdullah. Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. The Other Press. 2007. ISBN 983-9541-53-6.
Walter Fischel. 1967 Ibn Khaldun in Egypt : His public functions and his historical research, 1382–1406; a study in Islamic historiography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ibn Khaldun. 1951 التعريف بإبن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا Al-Taʻrīf bi Ibn-Khaldūn wa Riħlatuhu Għarbān wa Sharqān. Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī. Cairo (Autobiography in Arabic).
Ibn Khaldūn. 1958 The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history. Translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal. 3 vols. New York: Princeton.
Ibn Khaldūn. 1967 The Muqaddimah : An introduction to history. Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. (Abridged).
Mahmoud Rabi'. 1967 The political theory of Ibn Khaldun. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Róbert Simon. 2002 Ibn Khaldūn : History as science and the patrimonial empire. Translated by Klára Pogátsa. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Original edition, 1999.
Allen Fromherz. 2010 "Ibn Khaldun : Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.

外部連結

英文

Rosenthal, Franz. Ibn Khaldūn. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. 2008 [1970–80].
Complete Muqaddimah/Kitab al-Ibar in English (without Chapter V, 13)
Ibn Khaldun on the Web
Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work, by Muhammad Hozien
Muslim Scientists and Scholars – Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldūn, from Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History vol. iii, III. C. II. (b), p. 321
Ibn Khaldun’s Philosophy of Management and Work
Ibn Khaldun (al-Muqaddimah): Methodology & concepts of economic sociology
Ibn Khaldun. The Mediterranean in the 14th century: Rise and fall of Empires. Andalusian Legacy exhibition in the Alcazar of Seville
The Ibn Khaldoun Community Service Award
Ibn Khaldun meets Al Saud
The Ibn Khaldun Institute

多語言網站

有關伊本·赫勒敦的多語言傳記

非英語

（法文） Exposé simplifié sur la théologie scolastique
（阿拉伯文） Chapters from the Muqaddimah and the History of Ibn Khaldun
（荷蘭文） Dutch biography
（德文） Ismail Küpeli: Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens – Eine Gegenüberstellung, München, 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-75458-3

[HistoryAndSociology-3] 
"...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]

"Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）

"The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]

"This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]

[2] "...regarded by some Westerners as the true father of historiography and sociology".^[12]

[3] "Ibn Khaldun has been claimed the forerunner of a great number of European thinkers, mostly sociologists, historians, and philosophers".（Boulakia 1971）

[4] "The founding father of Eastern Sociology".^[13]

[5] "This grand scheme to find a new science of society makes him the forerunner of many of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries system-builders such as Vico, Comte and Marx." "As one of the early founders of the social sciences...".^[14]

[Economics-5] 
"Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）

"He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

[7] "Ibn Khaldun is the forerunner of many economists, he is an accident of history and has had no consequence on the evolution of economic thought...His name should figure among the fathers of economic science".（Boulakia 1971）

[8] "He is considered by some as a father of modern economics, or at least a major forerunner. …… Moreover, he dealt with the problem of optimum taxation, minimum government services, incentives, institutional framework, law and order, expectations, production, and the theory of value".Cosma, Sorinel (2009). "Ibn Khaldun's Economic Thinking". Ovidius University Annals of Economics (Ovidius University Press) XIV:52–57

[1] 伊本·赫勒敦. 历史绪论. 李振中（譯）. 銀川: 寧夏人民出版社. 2015. ISBN 978-7-227-05959-2. OCLC 953301907.

[2] 新華通訊社譯名室. 世界人名翻译大辞典第2版. 北京: 中國對外翻譯出版公司. 2007: 1554. ISBN 978-7-5001-0799-6. OCLC 163575075.

[4] Joseph J. Spengler (1964). "Economic Thought of Islam: Ibn Khaldun", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(3), pp. 268-306.
Jean David C. Boulakia (1971). "Ibn Khaldûn: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", Journal of Political Economy, 79(5), pp. 1105-1118.

[6] Published by Muħammad ibn-Tāwīt at-Tanjī, Cairo 1951

[7] （法文） « Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy », Journal asiatique, troisième série, tome XII, éd. Société asiatique, Paris, 1841, p. 491

[8] 他的原話是：「And our ancestry is from Hadhramaut, from the Arabs of Yemen, via Wa'il ibn Hajar, from the best of the Arabs, well-known and respected.」 (p. 2429, Al-Waraq 版)

[9] A., Ibn Khaldun: His life and Works for Mohammad Enan

[10] Enan (2007), pp118

[11] Enan (2007), pp118-119

[12] Enan (2007), pp119

[13] Enan (2007), pp119-120

[14] Gates, Warren E. The Spread of Ibn Khaldûn's Ideas on Climate and Culture. Journal of the History of Ideas (University of Pennsylvania Press). 1967, 28 (3): 415–422. doi:10.2307/2708627.

[15] Dhaouadi, M. IBN KHALDUN: THE FOUNDING FATHER OF EASTERN SOCIOLOGY. International Sociology. 1 September 1990, 5 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1177/026858090005003007.

[16] Haddad, L. A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY THEORY OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. Kyklos. 1 May 1977, 30 (2): 195–213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1977.tb02006.x.

[1]

[2]

[n 1]

[3]

[n 2]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

伊本·赫勒敦

目次

生平

影響

相關條目

註釋及參考資料

外部連結

英文

多語言網站

非英語