尼布甲尼撒二世

求闻百科，共笔求闻
尼布甲尼撒二世
美索不达米亚王朝表、巴比伦国王
缟玛瑙眼石上，刻有尼布甲尼撒二世的铭文的雕刻品[1]
统治前605年－前562年在位
前任那波帕拉萨尔
继任以未米罗达
逝世前562年

尼布甲尼撒二世（亚拉姆语：ܢܵܒܘܼ ܟܘܼܕܘܼܪܝܼ ܐܘܼܨܘܼܪ；希伯来语：נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר‬ Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar；古希腊语：Ναβουχοδονόσωρ；Naboukhodonósôr；阿拉伯语：نِبُوخَذنِصَّر nibūḫaḏniṣṣar；约前634年—前562年），是位于巴比伦的迦勒底帝国最伟大的君主，在位时间约为公元前605年－前562年。他因在首都巴比伦建成著名的空中花园而为人赞颂，同时也因毁掉了所罗门圣殿而为人熟知。他曾征服犹大王国和耶路撒冷，并流放犹太人。《圣经列王纪》和《耶利米书》描述了他征服犹大王国的过程。[2]

用巴比伦的语言解释他的名字意思是“保护继承者尼布”。

生平

早年

尼布甲尼撒的父亲是新巴比伦帝国的开国君主－那波帕拉萨尔，母亲是出身于伊朗的米底王国公主，这两个王国联姻后，势力大增。尔后那波帕拉萨尔将巴比伦从亚述人的属国地位中独立出来，并打垮亚述人，将亚述帝国的都城尼尼微夷为平地。尼布甲尼撒是他父亲的长子和继承人，前607年随父亲出征亚述北部山区，后来单独指挥作战。由于古埃及曾经击败亚述人，并占领了原亚述帝国西部卡尔基米什一带，导致前亚述帝国领土被伽勒底和米底分割。前606年，他带兵任总司令，在卡尔基米什痛歼埃及军队，收复了前亚述领地。前605年8月，那波帕拉萨尔去世，尼布甲尼撒赶回巴比伦继承王位。

对外征战

前604年他发兵征服叙利亚和巴勒斯坦部分地区。尔后雇用希腊佣兵作战，但于前601年被埃及军队打败，损失惨重，他竭力补充损失的战车和兵员，卷土重来。前597年，他率兵攻占耶路撒冷，并将犹大王国国王约雅斤掳回巴比伦，圣经中还记载了他在前586年对耶路撒冷的另一次进攻以及对推罗城的围攻，并将两座城市毁灭，将神殿拆毁。

大英博物馆目前保存有描述他的楔形文字泥版文书，写到：“巴比伦国王，尼布甲尼撒，在第37年，带领军队进攻埃及，埃及国王雅赫摩斯集合军队前往应战”。

逝世

他于公元前562年去世，由他儿子以未米罗达继位。公元前539年，他去世后尚不到25年，巴比伦就被波斯帝国的居鲁士大帝征服。

成就

尼布甲尼撒同时也是一位卓越的外交家，曾派遣使节和小亚细亚的希腊人国家吕底亚及米底周旋，解除西方的威胁，他将巴比伦建成一个著名的城市，完善输水设施和水库。

圣经中的描写

尼布甲尼撒多次在《圣经》中出现。《圣经列王纪》中描述了尼布甲尼撒二世两次包围耶路撒冷，《耶利米书》则描述了第二次围城和洗劫摧毁所罗门圣殿。

尼布甲尼撒二世是《但以理书》中的重要人物，4章1-37节中描述，这梦见于但以理所誊录的巴比伦国史文献内。这份文献是由饱受教训而学会谦卑自抑的尼布甲尼撒执笔的。首先尼布甲尼撒承认至高上帝的大能及他的王国。然后他叙述所发的可怕的梦，并解释这梦如何应验在他身上。他梦见一棵大树，高得顶天，所产的果子可供众生食用，其荫可遮庇万民。一位守望者大声喊叫说：‘要伐倒这树。把树的残株用铁圈和铜圈箍住。经过七期，好叫世人知道至高者在人的国中掌权，要将国赐给极卑微的人统治。’（但以理书4:14-17）但以理把梦讲解出来，指明树代表尼布甲尼撒。这个含有预言性的梦不久便实现了。有一天国王因自己的威荣而自命不凡，随即变成有如疯子一般，在田间吃草为生，与兽无异，一共过了七年。此后他的神智回复正常，他于是称颂耶和华的至尊地位。

持批判意见的学者们对此的共识是，但以理书是历史虚构小说。 [3][4][5] 尼布甲尼撒对耶和华的承认不太可能是真实发生过的。 [6] 他陷入疯狂的时期也是虚构的。历史学家将后者归因于关于那波尼德在泰马时的谣言，后来通过异文合并的过程被应用于尼布甲尼撒身上。 [7]

参考文献

引用

  1. ↑ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
  2. ↑ Wiseman 1991a，第233–234页.
  3. ↑ Collins 1999，第219页.
  4. ↑ Redditt 2008，第180页.
  5. ↑ Collins 1984，第41页: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
  6. ↑ Smith-Christopher, D.L. The Book of Daniel. Keck, Leander E. (编). The New Interpreter's Bible : general articles & introduction, commentary, & reflections for each book of the Bible, including the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 7. 1996: 19–152. ISBN 9780687278206. OCLC 30663880.  apud Collins, J.J.; Flint, Peter W. The Book of Daniel, Volume 1 Composition and Reception. BRILL. 15 December 2000: 11. ISBN 978-90-04-27608-6. 
  7. ↑ Henze, M. H. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. BRILL. 1999: 63. ISBN 978-90-04-11421-0. 

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外部链接

前任：
那波帕拉萨尔 		美索不达米亚王朝表 继任：
以未米罗达
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