| 田螺科 化石时期：阿普第期至现在[1] | |
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| An alive but retracted individual of Viviparus contectus, showing the 螺厣 | |
生物分类法 
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| 域： | 真核域 Eukaryota |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 软体动物门 Mollusca |
| 纲： | 腹足纲 Gastropoda |
| 亚纲： | 新进腹足亚纲 Caenogastropoda |
| 目： | 主扭舌目 Architaenioglossa |
| 总科： | 田螺总科 Viviparoidea |
| 科： | 田螺科 Viviparidae J. E. Gray, 1847[2] |
| 多样性[3] | |
| 125–150 freshwater species | |
田螺泛指田螺科（学名：Viviparidae）的淡水腹足纲软体动物。平均只有拇指头大小，有角质口盖（螺厣），壳口相对比较大。螺蛳是田螺科动物的通称[4]。很多淡水鱼类喜欢吃田螺。田螺体内很容易生长寄生虫。
根据在2005年的《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类》，田螺科属主扭舌目的成员。
分布
This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from 南美洲. There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: Bellamya and Neothauma.[5]
分类
旧属前鳃亚纲的中腹足目，田螺科目前是主扭舌类的成员[6][7]，约有17属百余种。根据2005年的《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类》，田螺科物种大致可分为三个亚科[6]：
- 田螺亚科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.)
- 环棱螺亚科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
- 平圆螺亚科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
属
田螺科包括下列各属：
- 田螺亚科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833)
- Galizgia Mikhaylovskiy, 1903
- † Kosovia Atanacković, 1959
- 河螺属 Rivularia Heude, 1890[8]
- Trochopaludina Starobogatov, 1985
- Tulotoma Haldeman, 1840
- 田螺属 Viviparus Montfort, 1810：模式属，目前只余下六个现生种。异名有：Vivipara（词性错误，不采用）、Contectiana Bourguignat, 1880、Hazayipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Kobeltipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Paludina Férussac, 1812
- 环棱螺亚科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937
- Amuropaludina Moskvicheva, 1979
- 角螺属 Angulyagra Rao, 1931[9]
- 环螺蛳属 Anularya L.-J. Zhang & S.-C. Chen, 2015：只见于中国云南，其物种旧属螺蛳属[10][11]
- Anulotaia Brandt, 1968
- 环棱螺属 Bellamya Jousseaume, 1886：亚科的模式属；
- Boganmargarya Thach, 2018
- Genus Chlorostracia Mabille, 1889
- 圆田螺属 Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912[10][9]
- Eyriesia P. Fischer, 1885
- Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Heterogen Annandale, 1921：就只有一个物种，就是Heterogen longispira (E. A. Smith, 1886)；
- Idiopoma Pilsbry, 1901
- Larina A. Adams, 1851[1]
- 螺蛳属 Margarya G. Nevill, 1877：只见于中国云南，和圆田螺属关系较近[10]。
- 湄公螺属 Mekongia Crosse & P. Fischer, 1876
- Neclarina Iredale, 1943
- Neothauma E. A. Smith, 1880
- Notopala Cotton, 1935[12]
- 石田螺属 Sinotaia F. Haas, 1939：和石田螺属关系较近[10]。
- Taia Annandale, 1918
- 玺螺蛳属 Tchangmargarya He, 2013[11]：只见于中国云南，有物种两个，均旧属螺蛳属[10]。
- † Temnotaia Annandale, 1919
- Torotaia F. Haas, 1939
- 拟小螺属 Trochotaia Brandt, 1974[13]
- Genus Centrapala Cotton, 1935 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855
- Genus Dactylochlamys Rao, 1925 accepted as Angulyagra Rao, 1931 (invalid: junior homonym of Dactylochlamys Lauterborn, 1901; Angulyagra is a replacement name)
- Genus Eularina Iredale, 1943 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 (unnecessary replacement name for Larina, by Iredale treated as a junior homonym of Larinus Germar, 1824)
- Genus Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
- Genus Notopalena Iredale, 1943 accepted as Notopala Cotton, 1935
- Genus Robinsonia G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869 accepted as Neclarina Iredale, 1943 (Invalid: junior homonym of Robinsonia Grote, 1865 [Lepidoptera]; Neclarina is a replacement name)
- Genus Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 accepted as Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Genus Ussuripaludina Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina (Ussuripaludina) Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
- 平圆螺亚科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863：异名有Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
- Campeloma Rafinesque, 1819
- 平圆螺属 Lioplax Troschel, 1856[14]：异名有Haldemania Tryon, 1862（次异名）
- 亚科地位未定Subfamily [unassigned] Viviparidae (temporary name)
- † Albianopalin Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002[15]：得名于澳大利亚新南威尔士州的阿尔布（Albian）[15]。
- † Apameaus Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006[16]This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species Apameaus apameae Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006
- Fretacaeles Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2006 †
- Kaya Van Damme & Pickford, 1999 †
- Lioplacodes Meek, 1864 †
- Macromargarya Ying, Fürsich & Schneider, 2013 †
- Metohia Popović, 1964 † ：次异名，因为已有Metohia Absolon, 1927（一种介形纲动物）使用了本属名。
- Popovicia Neubauer & Harzhauser in Neubauer et al., 2015 †
Life cycle
Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae.[17]
参考资料
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kear, B. P.; Hamilton-Bruce, R. J.; Smith, B. J.; Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. Reassessment of Australia's oldest freshwater snail, Viviparus (?) albascopularis Etheridge, 1902 (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Wallumbilla Formation) of White Cliffs, New South Wales. Molluscan Research. 2003, 23 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1071/MR03003 （英语）.
- ↑ Gray J. E. (November 1847) (1833). "A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types". Proceedings of the Zoological Society in London, 15: 129-182. Viviparidae at page 155.
- ↑ Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. hdl:10088/7390 doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6.
- ↑ 夏征农, 罗竹风, 马飞海等. 辞海[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2000: 1, 2254.
- ↑ 引用错误：
<ref>标签无效；未给name（名称）为Brown 1994的ref（参考）提供文本 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á.; Warén, A. Bouchet P.; Rocroi J.-P. , 编. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology (Hackenheim, Germany / Ann Arbor, USA: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1-2): 397 pp. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
- ↑ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Kaim, Andrzej; Kano, Yasunori; Nützel, Alexander; Parkhaev, Pavel; Schrödl, Michael; Strong, Ellen E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1-2): 1–526. ISSN 0076-2997. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201 （英语）.
- ↑ Van Bocxlaer, Bert; Strong, Ellen E; Richter, Romy; Stelbrink, Björn; Rintelen, Thomas Von. Anatomical and genetic data reveal that Rivularia Heude, 1890 belongs to Viviparinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2017-12-14, 182 (1): 1–23. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx014 （英语）.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Fresh water molluscan species in India (PDF): 11 pp. 2010-07-29 [2010-07-31] （英语）.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 引用错误：
<ref>标签无效；未给name（名称）为guokr的ref（参考）提供文本 - ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zhang, L. J.; Chen, S. C.; Yang, L. T.; Jin, L.; Köhler, F. Systematic revision of the freshwater snail Nevill, 1877 (Mollusca: Viviparidae) endemic to the ancient lakes of Yunnan, China, with description of new taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2015, 174 (4): 760–800. doi:10.1111/zoj.12260
.
- ↑ River Snail (Notopala sublineata) . accessed 26 September 2010
- ↑ Du L.-N., Yang J.-X. & Chen X.-Y. (2011). "A new species of Trochotaia (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae) from Yunnan, China". Molluscan Research 31(2): 85-89. abstract
- ↑ 余汶. 华南白垩纪和早第三纪非海相腹足类化石及其地层意义. 《古生物学报》（Acta Palaeontologica Sinica）. 1977, 16 (2): 191–216 （简体中文）.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hamilton-Bruce, R. J.; Smith, B. J.; Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle-late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales (PDF). Records of the South Australian Museum. 2002, 35: 193–203 （英语）.
- ↑ Sivan, N.; Heller, J.; van Damme, D. Fossil Viviparidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Levant. Journal of Conchology. 2006, 39 (2): 207–220 [2021-08-26].
- ↑ Heller, J. Longevity in molluscs. Malacologia. 1990, 31 (2): 259–295.
延伸阅读
- Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". Journal of Molluscan Studies 81(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019.
- Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". Shell Discoveries 1(3): 3-12.